Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-28 (of 28 Records) |
Query Trace: Banyai K[original query] |
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Special issue on 'genetic diversity and evolution of rotavirus strains: possible impact of global immunization programs'.
Bányai K , Gentsch J . Infect Genet Evol 2014 28 375-6 Epidemiological surveillance of rotavirus strains dates back to mid-1980s with the initial objective to describe the globally common rotavirus serotypes that could have an impact on vaccine development. With over 100,000 genotyped human rotavirus strains in the pre vaccine era worldwide and with the availability of two vaccines, the monovalent Rotarix and the pentavalent RotaTeq, the objectives of strain surveillance have changed. We have learned much about human rotavirus strain diversity and the evolutionary forces driving strain variation in nature. However questions on how rotavirus strains under vaccine induced immune pressure evolve and what the impact of vaccine use on strain prevalence in vaccinated populations is, remain open. | | In the 1980s rotavirus typing protocols included monoclonal antibody based enzyme immunoassays, which were available to relatively few laboratories due to limited reagent resources. In addition, the antibodies mainly identified only four common G types. The introduction of nucleic acid based techniques (primarily multiplex RT-PCR assays) enhanced our ability to genotype both neutralizing antigen genes and advances in sequencing technology paved the way for more detailed analysis of circulating rotavirus strains. More recently, whole genome sequencing has become an alternative tool for researchers to describe the molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses. Access to high throughput sequencing technology has made molecular strain characterization an increasingly routine laboratory method without the need of cumbersome and costly pre-analytic steps, such as cloning and/or designing dozens of PCR and sequencing primers. We believe that as these technical advances mature the ultimate goals of routine surveillance in the post rotavirus vaccine era will become a reality. Strain characterization using improved methods not only allows the classification of strains into their antigenic types, but also permits whole genome based comparisons, determination of preferred genotype constellations, identification of vaccine strain derived genes in field strains, and tracking the evolution of vaccine strains. |
Viral gastroenteritis
Banyai K , Estes MK , Martella V , Parashar UD . Lancet 2018 392 (10142) 175-186 Enteric viruses, particularly rotaviruses and noroviruses, are a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Rotaviruses primarily affect young children, accounting for almost 40% of hospital admissions for diarrhoea and 200 000 deaths worldwide, with the majority of deaths occurring in developing countries. Two vaccines against rotavirus were licensed in 2006 and have been implemented in 95 countries as of April, 2018. Data from eight high-income and middle-income countries showed a 49-89% decline in rotavirus-associated hospital admissions and a 17-55% decline in all-cause gastroenteritis-associated hospital admissions among children younger than 5 years, within 2 years of vaccine introduction. Noroviruses affect people of all ages, and are a leading cause of foodborne disease and outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Prevention of norovirus infection relies on frequent hand hygiene, limiting contact with people who are infected with the virus, and disinfection of contaminated environmental surfaces. Norovirus vaccine candidates are in clinical trials; whether vaccines will provide durable protection against the range of genetically and antigenically diverse norovirus strains remains unknown. Treatment of viral gastroenteritis is based primarily on replacement of fluid and electrolytes. |
Novel G9 rotavirus strains co-circulate in children and pigs, Taiwan.
Wu FT , Banyai K , Jiang B , Liu LT , Marton S , Huang YC , Huang LM , Liao MH , Hsiung CA . Sci Rep 2017 7 40731 Molecular epidemiologic studies collecting information of the spatiotemporal distribution of rotavirus VP7 (G) and VP4 (P) genotypes have shown evidence for the increasing global importance of genotype G9 rotaviruses in humans and pigs. Sequence comparison of the VP7 gene of G9 strains identified different lineages to prevail in the respective host species although some of these lineages appear to be shared among heterologous hosts providing evidence of interspecies transmission events. The majority of these events indicates the pig-to-human spillover, although a reverse route of transmission cannot be excluded either. In this study, new variants of G9 rotaviruses were identified in two children with diarrhea and numerous pigs in Taiwan. Whole genome sequence and phylogenetic analyses of selected strains showed close genetic relationship among porcine and human strains suggesting zoonotic origin of Taiwanese human G9 strains detected in 2014-2015. Although the identified human G9P[19] and G9P[13] rotaviruses represented minority strains, the repeated detection of porcine-like rotavirus strains in Taiwanese children over time justifies the continuation of synchronized strain surveillance in humans and domestic animals. |
Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2016
Afonso CL , Amarasinghe GK , Banyai K , Bao Y , Basler CF , Bavari S , Bejerman N , Blasdell KR , Briand FX , Briese T , Bukreyev A , Calisher CH , Chandran K , Cheng J , Clawson AN , Collins PL , Dietzgen RG , Dolnik O , Domier LL , Durrwald R , Dye JM , Easton AJ , Ebihara H , Farkas SL , Freitas-Astua J , Formenty P , Fouchier RA , Fu Y , Ghedin E , Goodin MM , Hewson R , Horie M , Hyndman TH , Jiang D , Kitajima EW , Kobinger GP , Kondo H , Kurath G , Lamb RA , Lenardon S , Leroy EM , Li CX , Lin XD , Liu L , Longdon B , Marton S , Maisner A , Muhlberger E , Netesov SV , Nowotny N , Patterson JL , Payne SL , Paweska JT , Randall RE , Rima BK , Rota P , Rubbenstroth D , Schwemmle M , Shi M , Smither SJ , Stenglein MD , Stone DM , Takada A , Terregino C , Tesh RB , Tian JH , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Towner JS , Vasilakis N , Verbeek M , Volchkov VE , Wahl-Jensen V , Walsh JA , Walker PJ , Wang D , Wang LF , Wetzel T , Whitfield AE , Xie JT , Yuen KY , Zhang YZ , Kuhn JH . Arch Virol 2016 161 (8) 2351-60 In 2016, the order Mononegavirales was emended through the addition of two new families (Mymonaviridae and Sunviridae), the elevation of the paramyxoviral subfamily Pneumovirinae to family status (Pneumoviridae), the addition of five free-floating genera (Anphevirus, Arlivirus, Chengtivirus, Crustavirus, and Wastrivirus), and several other changes at the genus and species levels. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). |
Full genome characterization of human Rotavirus A strains isolated in Cameroon, 2010-2011: diverse combinations of the G and P genes and lack of reassortment of the backbone genes.
Ndze VN , Esona MD , Achidi EA , Gonsu KH , Doro R , Marton S , Farkas S , Ngeng MB , Ngu AF , Obama-Abena MT , Bányai K . Infect Genet Evol 2014 28 537-60 Over the past few years whole genome sequencing of rotaviruses has become a routine laboratory method in many strain surveillance studies. To study the molecular evolutionary pattern of representative Cameroonian Rotavirus A (RVA) strains, the semiconductor sequencing approach was used following random amplification of genomic RNA. In total, 31 RVA strains collected during 2010-2011 in three Cameroonian study sites located 120 to 1240km from each other were sequenced and analyzed. Sequence analysis of the randomly selected representative strains showed that 18 RVAs were Wa-like, expressing G1P[6], G12P[6], or G12P[8] neutralization antigens on the genotype 1 genomic constellation (I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1), whereas 13 other strains were DS-1-like, expressing G2P[4], G2P[6], G3P[6], and G6P[6] on the genotype 2 genomic constellation (I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2). No inter-genogroup reassortment in the backbone genes was observed. Phylogenetic analysis of the Cameroonian G6P[6] strains indicated the separation of the strains identified in the Far North region (Maroua) and the Northwest region (Bamenda and Esu) into two branches that is consistent with multiple introductions of G6P[6] strains into this country. The present whole genome based molecular characterization study indicates that the emerging G6P[6] strain is fully heterotypic to Rotarix, the vaccine introduced during 2014 in childhood immunization program in Cameroon. Continuous strain monitoring is therefore needed in this area and elsewhere to see if G6s, besides genotype G1 to G4, G8, G9 and G12, may become a new, regionally important genotype in the post vaccine licensure era in Africa. |
Molecular epidemiology of human G2P[4] rotaviruses in Taiwan, 2004-2011.
Wu FT , Banyai K , Jiang B , Wu CY , Chen HC , Feher E , Huang YC , Hsiung CA , Huang JC , Wu HS . Infect Genet Evol 2014 28 530-6 In 2006, two rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix and RotaTeq) became available on the private market in Taiwan. Although vaccine coverage is currently low, molecular surveillance of rotavirus strains can provide pertinent information for evaluation of the potential impact of vaccine introduction and infection control. During January 2008-December 2011, children aged <5years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled from sentinel surveillance hospitals in three geographic areas of Taiwan. Fecal specimens collected from enrolled patients were tested for rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. For genotyping, gene specific primer sets were used to amplify and sequence the genes encoding the neutralization antigens, VP7 and VP4. The resulting sequences were then subjected to phylogenetic analysis. In brief, a total of 4052 fecal specimens were tested and 742 (18%) samples were positive for rotavirus. The annual range of rotavirus positive specimens varied between 16% and 20.7%. Of all specimens, genotype G1P[8] (63.3%) was the predominant strain, followed by G2P[4] (12.5%), G3P[8] (11.7%), and G9P[8] (5.1%). Uncommon strains were also detected in low percentages. We observed that the rotavirus positivity rate steadily decreased from 21% to 16% during 2008-2010, then slightly increased to 20% in 2011, when an increase in the number of G2P[4] cases was observed. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis was carried out to help understand any potential changes of G2P[4] rotaviruses over time. A number of G2P[4] strains collected between 2004 and 2011 were analyzed in detail and our analyses showed marked genetic and antigenic variability in the VP7 and VP4 genes. The Taiwanese strains could be classified into two major G2 VP7 lineages (IV and V) and two major P[4] VP4 lineages (IV and V) and several minor sublineages within lineage IV. Lineage V within both G2 and P[4] represented newly recognized genetic variants of the respective genotypes. The distribution of individual combinations of the G2 and P[4] (sub)lineages showed some temporal variations. This study provides further evidence for the great genetic diversity among G2P[4] strains and helps understand the epidemiological trends of these strains among children in Taiwan. |
Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure?
Doro R , Laszlo B , Martella V , Leshem E , Gentsch J , Parashar U , Banyai K . Infect Genet Evol 2014 28 446-61 Comprehensive reviews of pre licensure rotavirus strain prevalence data indicated the global importance of six rotavirus genotypes, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. Since 2006, two vaccines, the monovalent Rotarix (RV1) and the pentavalent RotaTeq (RV5) have been available in over 100 countries worldwide. Of these, 60 countries have already introduced either RV1 or RV5 in their national immunization programs. Post licensure vaccine effectiveness is closely monitored worldwide. This review aimed at describing the global changes in rotavirus strain prevalence over time. The genotype distribution of the nearly 47,000 strains that were characterized during 2007-2012 showed similar picture to that seen in the preceding period. An intriguing finding was the transient predominance of heterotypic strains, mainly in countries using RV1. Unusual and novel antigen combinations continue to emerge, including some causing local outbreaks, even in vaccinated populations. In addition, vaccine strains have been found in both vaccinated infants and their contacts and there is evidence for genetic interaction between vaccine and wild-type strains. In conclusion, the post-vaccine introduction strain prevalence data do not show any consistent pattern indicative of selection pressure resulting from vaccine use, although the increased detection rate of heterotypic G2P[4] strains in some countries following RV1 vaccination is unusual and this issue requires further monitoring. |
Distribution of rotavirus strains and strain-specific effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine after its introduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Leshem E , Lopman B , Glass R , Gentsch J , Banyai K , Parashar U , Patel M . Lancet Infect Dis 2014 14 (9) 847-56 BACKGROUND: Concerns exist about whether monovalent (RV1) and pentavalent (RV5) rotavirus vaccines provide adequate protection against diverse strains and whether vaccine introduction will lead to selective pressure. We aimed to investigate the distribution of rotavirus strains and strain-specific rotavirus vaccine effectiveness after vaccine introduction. METHODS: We did a systematic review of published work to assess the strain-specific effectiveness of RV1 and RV5 rotavirus vaccines. We classified strains as homotypic, partly heterotypic, and fully heterotypic based on the amount of antigen-matching between strain and vaccine. When studies reported vaccine effectiveness against single antigens (G-type or P-type), we categorised them as either single-antigen vaccine type or single-antigen non-vaccine type. Our primary outcome was strain-specific vaccine effectiveness, comparing effectiveness of homotypic strains with fully or partly heterotypic strains. A secondary outcome was the prevalence of rotavirus strains after vaccine introduction. We estimated pooled odds ratios using random-effect regression models, stratified by country income level and vaccine type, and tested for differences in strain-specific vaccine effectiveness. We assessed strain distribution trends from surveillance reports. FINDINGS: In high-income countries, RV1 pooled vaccine effectiveness was 94% (95% CI 80-98) against homotypic strains, 71% (39-86) against partly heterotypic strains, and 87% (76-93) against fully heterotypic strains. In middle-income settings, respective pooled data were 59% (36-73), 72% (58-81), and 47% (28-61). In high-income countries, RV5 vaccine effectiveness was 83% (78-87) against homotypic strains, 82% (70-89) against single-antigen vaccine type strains, 82% (70-89) against partly heterotypic strains, and 75% (47-88) against single-antigen non-vaccine type strains. In middle-income settings, RV5 vaccine effectiveness was 70% (58-78) against single-antigen vaccine type strains, 37% (10-56) against partly heterotypic strains, and 87% (38-97) against single-antigen non-vaccine type strains. No difference was noted in vaccine effectiveness for either RV1 or RV5 in any setting (all p>0.05). Prevalent strains in countries using RV1 were G2P[4] (2198 of 4428, 50%) and G1P[8] (953, 22%), and those in countries using RV5 were G1P[8] (1280 of 3875, 33%) and G2P[4] (1169, 30%). Sustained predominance of a single strain was not recorded. INTERPRETATION: RV1 and RV5 exert similar effectiveness against homotypic and heterotypic rotavirus strains. Persistence of specific strains was not recorded, suggesting vaccine-induced selective pressure did not occur. Expansion of rotavirus surveillance efforts to low-income countries and ongoing surveillance are crucial to identify emergence of new strains and to assess strain-specific vaccine effectiveness in various settings. FUNDING: None. |
One year survey of human rotavirus strains suggests the emergence of genotype G12 in Cameroon.
Ndze VN , Papp H , Achidi EA , Gonsu KH , Laszlo B , Farkas S , Kisfali P , Melegh B , Esona MD , Bowen MD , Banyai K , Gentsch JR , Odama AM . J Med Virol 2013 85 (8) 1485-90 In this study the emergence of rotavirus A genotype G12 in children <5 years of age is reported from Cameroon during 2010/2011. A total of 135 human stool samples were P and G genotyped by reverse transcriptase PCR. Six different rotavirus VP7 genotypes were detected, including G1, G2, G3, G8, G9, and G12 in combinations with P[4], P[6] and P[8] VP4 genotypes. Genotype G12 predominated in combination with P[8] (54.1%) and P[6] (10.4%) genotypes followed by G1P[6] (8.2%), G3P[6] (6.7%), G2P[4] (5.9%), G8P[6] (3.7%), G2P[6] (0.7%), G3P[8] (0.7%), and G9P[8] (0.7%). Genotype P[6] strains in combination with various G-types represented a substantial proportion (N = 44, 32.6%) of the genotyped strains. Partially typed strains included G12P[NT] (2.2%); G3P[NT] (0.7%); G(NT)P[6] (1.5%); and G(NT)P[8] (0.7%). Mixed infections were found in five specimens (3.7%) in several combinations including G1 + G12P[6], G2 + G3P[6] + P[8], G3 + G8P[6], G3 + G12P[6] + P[8], and G12P[6] + P[8]. The approximately 10% relative frequency of G12P[6] strains detected in this study suggests that this strain is emerging in Cameroon and should be monitored carefully as rotavirus vaccine is implemented in this country, as it shares neither G- nor P-type specificity with strains in the RotaTeq(R) and Rotarix(R) vaccines. These findings are consistent with other recent reports of the global spread and increasing epidemiologic importance of G12 and P[6] strains. |
Detection of novel porcine bocaviruses in fecal samples of asymptomatic pigs in Cameroon
Ndze VN , Cadar D , Csagola A , Kisfali P , Kovacs E , Farkas S , Ngu AF , Esona MD , Dan A , Tuboly T , Banyai K . Infect Genet Evol 2013 17 277-82 Improvements and widespread use of nucleic acid amplification and sequencing methods have led to the recognition of new virus diversity in various domestic animals, including pigs. In this study we utilized either virus species specific or broadly reactive PCR assays to describe the occurrence and genetic diversity of selected DNA viruses belonging to families Adenoviridae, Circoviridae, Anelloviridae and Parvoviridae in Cameroonian pigs. Fecal specimens were collected during spring of 2011. No adenoviruses, circoviruses and anelloviruses were detected, however, high prevalence and remarkable genetic diversity within the identified parvoviruses and, particularly, within bocaviruses was observed. PPV4 was the most prevalent virus (20%), followed by PBoV3 (18%), PBoV4 (18%), PBoV5 plus 6V/7V (16%), and PBoV1 plus PBoV2 (6%). The frequency of mixed infections with various combinations of these virus species reached 20%. Genetic analysis of the identified viruses showed that the capsid gene of PBoV1 and PBoV2 strains shared up to 91% and 94%nt sequence similarities to reference PBoV1 and PBoV2 strains, respectively. The identified PBoV3 and PBoV4 strains shared 95% and 98%nt identities with reference PBoV3 and PBoV4 strains, respectively, along the NS gene, whereas the PBoV5 strains shared 86%nt identities with Hungarian and 87%nt identities with Chinese PBoV5 strains along the capsid gene. In addition, a single PBoV5-like strain shared 71%nt sequence identity with other PBoV5 strains. This is the first study to report evidence of the circulation of bocaviruses in Africa and contributes to our understanding of the impact of globalization on the dispersal of new and emerging viruses. |
Human G9P[8] rotavirus strains circulating in Cameroon, 1999-2000: Genetic relationships with other G9 strains and detection of a new G9 subtype.
Esona MD , Mijatovic-Rustempasic S , Foytich K , Roy S , Banyai K , Armah G , Steele A , Volotao E , Gomez M , Silva M , Gautam R , Quaye O , Tam K , Forbi J , Seheri M , Page N , Nyangao J , Ndze V , Aminu M , Bowen M , Gentsch J . Infect Genet Evol 2013 18 315-24 Group A rotaviruses (RV-A) are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children worldwide and genotype G9P[8] is one of the five most common genotypes detected in humans. In order to gain insight into the degree of genetic variability of G9P[8] strains circulating in Cameroon, stool samples were collected during the 1999-2000 rotavirus season in two different geographic regions in Cameroon (Southwest and Western Regions). By RT-PCR, 15 G9P[8] strains (15/89=16.8%) were identified whose genomic configurations was subsequently determined by complete or partial gene sequencing. In general, all Cameroonian G9 strains clustered into current globally-spread sublineages of the VP7 gene and displayed 86.6%-100% nucleotide identity amongst themselves and 81.2%-99.5% nucleotide identity with global G9 strains. The full genome classification of all Cameroonian strains was G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 but phylogenetic analysis of each gene revealed that the strains were spread across 4 or more distinct lineages. An unusual strain, RVA/Human-wt/CMR/6788/1999/G9P[8], which shared the genomic constellation of other Cameroonian G9P[8] strains, contained a novel G9 subtype which diverged significantly (18.8% nucleotide and 19% amino acid distance) from previously described G9 strains. Nucleotide and amino acid alignments revealed that the 3' end of this gene is highly divergent from other G9 VP7 genes suggesting that it arose through extensive accumulation of point mutations. The results of this study demonstrate that diverse G9 strains circulated in Cameroon during 1999-2000. |
Detection of rare reassortant G5P[6] rotavirus, Bulgaria
Mladenova Z , Papp H , Lengyel G , Kisfali P , Steyer A , Steyer AF , Esona MD , Iturriza-Gomara M , Banyai K . Infect Genet Evol 2012 12 (8) 1676-84 During the ongoing rotavirus strain surveillance program conducted in Bulgaria, an unusual human rotavirus A (RVA) strain, RVA/Human/BG/BG620/2008/G5P[6], was identified among 2200 genotyped Bulgarian RVAs. This strain showed the following genomic configuration: G5-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. Phylogenetic analysis of the genes encoding the neutralization proteins and backbone genes identified a probable mixture of RVA genes of human and porcine origin. The VP1, VP6 and NSP2 genes were more closely related to typical human rotavirus strains. The remaining eight genes were either closely related to typical porcine and unusual human-porcine reassortant rotavirus strains or were equally distant from reference human and porcine strains. This study is the first to report an unusual rotavirus isolate with G5P[6] genotype in Europe which has most likely emerged from zoonotic transmission. The absence of porcine rotavirus sequence data from this area did not permit to assess if the suspected ancestral zoonotic porcine strain already had human rotavirus genes in its genome when transmitted from pig to human, or, the transmission was coupled or followed by gene reassortment event(s). Because our strain shared no neutralization antigens with rotavirus vaccines used for routine immunization in children, attention is needed to monitor if this G-P combination will be able to emerge in human populations. A better understanding of the ecology of rotavirus zoonoses requires simultaneous monitoring of rotavirus strains in humans and animals. |
Identification of a G8P[14] rotavirus isolate obtained from a Taiwanese child: evidence for a relationship with bovine rotaviruses
Wu FT , Banyai K , Wu HS , Yang DC , Lin JS , Hsiung CA , Huang YC , Hwang KP , Jiang B , Gentsch JR . Jpn J Infect Dis 2012 65 (5) 455-7 Systematic hospital-based surveillance of rotavirus strains has been conducted in Taiwan to track baseline strain prevalence before and during the introduction of vaccines and to document any strain changes that occur as vaccine use increases (1). Both Rotarix and RotaTeq have been available via Taiwan's private pharmaceutical market since September 2006. As a result of more rigorous surveillance and the exclusive use of gene sequencing for strain genotyping, a variety of unusual strains were detected between 2005 and 2010 (2,3). A strain with rare VP7 and VP4 genotypes, RVA/Human-wt/TWN/04-97s379/2008/G8P[14] (hereafter referred to as 04-97s379), was identified in a 23-month-old boy treated for fever, diarrhea, and vomiting at an outpatient clinic in Changhua, Taiwan. This was the only G8P[14] strain identified among the 1,273 human rotaviruses that were genotyped during this 6-year surveillance period in Taiwan. Because human G8P[14] strains have only been reported in a few countries, including only a single country in the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, Australia (4), it was of interest to characterize the G8P[14] rotavirus strain detected in Taiwan. | The oligonucleotide primers used to amplify and sequence full-length or partial open reading frames of the VP7 (1,062 bp), VP4 (831 bp), VP6 (1,356 bp), and NSP4 (738 bp) genes (GenBank accession numbers, JX1543843, JX1542665, JX1543853, and JX1542003, respectively) have been described elsewhere (3). For phylogenetic analysis, nucleotide sequences of related strains were retrieved from GenBank and compared with the Taiwanese strain 04-97s379 using the MEGA4 software (5). |
Simian genogroup I picobirnaviruses: prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential.
Wang Y , Banyai K , Tu X , Jiang B . J Clin Microbiol 2012 50 (8) 2779-82 We previously reported the first detection of simian picobirnaviruses (PBVs) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in fecal specimens of two monkeys with diarrhea in China. We now report the detection of genogroup I PBVs in 48% (44/92) of the fecal specimens by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and amplicon sequencing using primers specific for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) gene. Molecular characterization of these 44 strains demonstrated both sequence conservation and diversity among simian PBVs and among simian, porcine, and human PBVs. We further determined full-length sequences of segment 2 of the two simian PBV strains, monkey/CHN-14/2002 and monkey/CHN-49/2002, and demonstrated 52.5% to 54.2% nucleotide sequence similarity to the corresponding gene of the bovine strain RUBV and the prototype human strain 1-CHN-97 of genogroup I PBVs and an even lower similarity (38.4%) to segment 2 of the prototype human genogroup II strain 4-GA-91. Further studies are needed to investigate the epidemiology and pathogenesis of PBVs in animals and humans. |
Systematic review of regional and temporal trends in global rotavirus strain diversity in the pre rotavirus vaccine era: insights for understanding the impact of rotavirus vaccination programs
Banyai K , Laszlo B , Duque J , Steele AD , Nelson EA , Gentsch JR , Parashar UD . Vaccine 2012 30 Suppl 1 A122-30 Recently, two rotavirus vaccines have been recommended for routine immunization of infants worldwide. These vaccines proved efficacious during clinical trials and field use in both developing and developed countries, and appear to provide good protection against a range of rotavirus genotypes, including some that are not included in the vaccines. However, since conclusive data that the vaccines will protect against a wide variety of rotavirus strains are still lacking and since vaccines may exert some selection pressure, a detailed picture of global strain prevalence from the pre-rotavirus vaccine era is important to evaluate any potential changes in circulating strains observed after widespread introduction of rotavirus vaccines. Thus, we systematically reviewed rotavirus genotyping studies spanning a 12-year period from 1996 to 2007. In total, approximately 110,000 strains were genotyped from 100 reporting countries. Five genotypes (G1-G4, and G9) accounted for 88% of all strains, although extensive geographic and temporal differences were observed. For example, the prevalence of G1 strains declined from 2000 onward, while G3 strains re-emerged, and G9 and G12 strains emerged during the same period. When crude strain prevalence data were weighted by region based on the region's contribution to global rotavirus mortality, the importance of genotypes G1 and G9 strains that were more prevalent in regions with low mortality was reduced and conversely the importance of G8 strains that were more prevalent in African settings with greater contribution to global rotavirus mortality was increased. This study provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date information on rotavirus strain surveillance in the pre-rotavirus vaccine era and will provide useful background to examine the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on future strain prevalence. |
Putative canine origin of rotavirus strain detected in a child with diarrhea, Taiwan
Wu FT , Banyai K , Lin JS , Wu HS , Hsiung CA , Huang YC , Hwang KP , Jiang B , Gentsch JR . Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011 12 (2) 170-3 Rotavirus G3P[3] strains have been reported from a variety of species including humans, cats, dogs, monkeys, goats, and cows. Here, we report the characterization of the first human G3P[3] rotavirus from East Asia identified in a 2-year-old child who was treated in a hospital's emergency ward in Taiwan in February 2005. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a close genetic relationship between the VP4, VP6, VP7, and NSP4 genes of Taiwanese G3P[3] strain 04-94s51 and an Italian canine strain isolated a decade ago, suggesting a canine origin for the Taiwanese strain. In contrast, the Taiwanese strain was only moderately related to well-characterized canine-origin human G3P[3] strains Ro1845 and HCR3, suggesting a distinct origin for the rotavirus strain from Taiwan. |
Human infection with novel G3P[25] rotavirus strain in Taiwan.
Wu FT , Banyai K , Huang JC , Wu HS , Chang FY , Hsiung CA , Huang YC , Lin JS , Hwang KP , Jiang B , Gentsch JR . Clin Microbiol Infect 2011 17 (10) 1570-1573 Genotype P[25] rotaviruses are rare and to date have been reported to occur only in a few countries of mainland Asia. Here we report the molecular characterization of a novel human rotavirus genotype combination, G3P[25], detected in a 17-month-old child hospitalized due to severe gastroenteritis during 2009 in central Taiwan. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the VP4 gene demonstrated a distinct origin from other strains bearing the P[25] VP4 gene, whereas the VP7, VP6 and NSP4 gene phylogenies identified common origins with cognate genes of other, presumed human-porcine reassortment Taiwanese strains. These results suggest that interactions between human and animal strains appear to contribute to the generation of genetic and antigenic diversity of rotavirus strains, with potential public health importance in Taiwan. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1570-1573 |
Diverse origin of P[19] rotaviruses in children with acute diarrhea in Taiwan: Detection of novel lineages of the G3, G5, and G9 VP7 genes.
Wu FT , Banyai K , Huang JC , Wu HS , Chang FY , Yang JY , Hsiung CA , Huang YC , Lin JS , Hwang KP , Jiang B , Gentsch JR . J Med Virol 2011 83 (7) 1279-87 We previously reported the detection of genotype P[19] rotavirus strains from children hospitalized with acute dehydrating diarrhea during a 5-year surveillance period in Taiwan. The characterization of five P[19] strains (0.4% of all typed), including three G3P[19], a novel G5P[19], and a unique G9P[19] genotype is described in this study. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4, VP7, VP6, and NSP4 genes was performed, which demonstrated novel lineages for respective genotypes of the VP4 and the VP7 genes. The sequence similarities of the P[19] VP4 gene among Taiwanese human strains was higher (nt, 91.5-96.2%; aa, 93.7-97.6%) than to other P[19] strains (nt, 83.5-86.6%; aa, 89.4-94.1%) from different regions of the world. The VP7 gene of the three G3P[19] Taiwanese strains shared up to 93.4% nt and 97.5% aa identity to each other but had lower similarity to reference strain sequences available in GenBank (nt, <90.1%; aa, <95.6%). Similarly, the VP7 gene of the novel G5P[19] strain was only moderately related to the VP7 gene of reference G5 strains (nt, 82.2-87.3%; aa, 87.0-93.1%), while the VP7 gene of the single G9P[19] strain was genetically distinct from other known human and animal G9 rotavirus strains (nt, ≤92.0%; aa, ≤95.7%). Together, these findings suggest that the Taiwanese P[19] strains originated by independent interspecies transmission events. Synchronized surveillance of human and animal rotaviruses in Taiwan should identify possible hosts of these uncommon human rotavirus strains. J. Med. Virol. 83:1279-1287, 2011. (c) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
Genome sequence based molecular epidemiology of unusual US Rotavirus A G9 strains isolated from Omaha, USA between 1997 and 2000.
Mijatovic-Rustempasic S , Banyai K , Esona MD , Foytich K , Bowen MD , Gentsch JR . Infect Genet Evol 2011 11 (2) 522-7 After discovery in the early 1980s, Rotavirus A serotype G9 was detected infrequently for almost a decade. Since the mid-1990s, however, serotype G9 has emerged to become a globally common strain linked to the introduction of a single, new genetic variant of G9 VP7 gene. Studies have demonstrated that genetically divergent G9 strains co-circulated at low frequency with the emerging variants. Examples include unique U.S. G9 strains Om46/Hu/USA/1998 and Om67/Hu/USA/1998, isolated in Omaha during the 1997-1998 rotavirus season, that are more closely related phylogenetically to reference strains from the 1980s than to most emerging G9 strains from the U.S. and globally. Here, we sequenced the VP7 full open reading frame for all available G9 strains (n=12) identified in Omaha during 1996-2000 seasons to investigate their epidemiology and evolution. In addition, the full or partial length open reading frames of the remaining 10 genes for five divergent Om46-like strains and one modern G9 variant were sequenced to evaluate their potential origin. Our findings suggest that Om46-like G9 strains may have been introduced into humans recently, perhaps in 1997-1998 when it was first detected, and the presumed original host of this VP7 gene variant may have been an animal species based on the unexpected detection of porcine rotavirus related NSP2 gene in the genome. The relatively high fitness of Om46-like strains during the 1997-1998 rotavirus season, 1 year after the globally important G9 variant was documented to be already spreading in the study area and other sites of the United States, appears to parallel findings on seasonal replacement of various genetic and antigenic variants of other common human rotavirus antigen specificities. |
Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the coding region of six common rotavirus strains: evidence for intragenogroup reassortment among co-circulating G1P[8] and G2P[4] strains from the United States
Banyai K , Mijatovic-Rustempasic S , Hull JJ , Esona MD , Freeman MM , Frace AM , Bowen MD , Gentsch JR . J Med Virol 2011 83 (3) 532-9 The segmented genome of rotaviruses provides an opportunity for rotavirus strains to generate a large genetic diversity through reassortment; however, this mechanism is considered to play little role in the generation of mosaic gene constellations between Wa-like and DS-1-like strains in genes other than the neutralization antigens. A pilot study was undertaken to analyze these two epidemiologically important strains at the genomic level in order to (i) identify intergenogroup reassortment and (ii) to make available additional reference genome sequences of G1P[8] and G2P[4] for future genomics analyses. The full or nearly complete coding region of all 11 genes for 3 G1P[8] (LB2719, LB2758, and LB2771) and 3 G2P[4] (LB2744, LB2764, and LB2772) strains isolated from children hospitalized with severe diarrhea in Long Beach, California, where these strains were circulating at comparable rates during 2005-2006 are described in this study. Based on the full-genome classification system, all G1P[8] strains had a conserved genomic constellation: G1-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-E1-H1 and were mostly identical to the few Wa-like strains whose genome sequences have already been determined. Similarly, the genome sequences of the 3 G2P[4] strains were highly conserved: G2-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-E2-H2 and displayed an overall lesser genetic divergence with reference DS-1-like strains. While intergenogroup reassortment was not seen between the G1P[8] and G2P[4] strains studied here, evidence for intragenogroup reassortment events was identified. Similar studies in the post-rotavirus genomic era will help uncover whether intergenogroup reassortment affecting the backbone genes could play a significant role in any potential vaccine breakthrough events by evading immunity of vaccinated children. |
Reassortant group A rotavirus from straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum)
Esona MD , Mijatovic-Rustempasic S , Conrardy C , Tong S , Kuzmin IV , Agwanda B , Breiman RF , Banyai K , Niezgoda M , Rupprecht CE , Gentsch JR , Bowen MD . Emerg Infect Dis 2010 16 (12) 1844-1852 Bats are known reservoirs of viral zoonoses. We report genetic characterization of a bat rotavirus (Bat/KE4852/07) detected in the feces of a straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum). Six bat rotavirus genes (viral protein [VP] 2, VP6, VP7, nonstructural protein [NSP] 2, NSP3, and NSP5) shared ancestry with other mammalian rotaviruses but were distantly related. The VP4 gene was nearly identical to that of human P[6] rotavirus strains, and the NSP4 gene was closely related to those of previously described mammalian rotaviruses, including human strains. Analysis of partial sequence of the VP1 gene indicated that it was distinct from cognate genes of other rotaviruses. No sequences were obtained for the VP3 and NSP1 genes of the bat rotavirus. This rotavirus was designated G25-P[6]-I15-R8(provisional)-C8-Mx-Ax-N8-T11-E2-H10. Results suggest that several reassortment events have occurred between human, animal, and bat rotaviruses. Several additional rotavirus strains were detected in bats. |
Genomic characterization of human rotavirus G10 strains from the African Rotavirus Network: relationship to animal rotaviruses.
Esona MD , Banyai K , Foytich K , Freeman M , Mijatovic-Rustempasic S , Hull J , Kerin T , Steele AD , Armah GE , Geyer A , Page N , Agbaya VA , Forbi JC , Aminu M , Gautam R , Seheri LM , Nyangao J , Glass R , Bowen MD , Gentsch JR . Infect Genet Evol 2010 11 (1) 237-41 Global rotavirus surveillance has led to the detection of many unusual human rotavirus (HRV) genotypes. The aim of this study was to elucidate the genetic and evolutionary relationships of short fragments of all 11 gene segments of G10 HRV strains identified in West Africa through the African Rotavirus Network (ARN) system. During 1998-2004 surveillance within the ARN, we identified 5 G10 P[8] HRV strains. Fragments of all 11 gene segments of these G10 strains were sequenced. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses of each gene segment revealed high nucleotide similarities amongst the ARN strains (97%-100%) except in the case of the VP1(85%-96%) and NSP2 genes (87.8%-99.7%) where some strains were divergent. All genes of the ARN strains were classified as Wa-like (genotype 1) with the exception of their VP7 gene of all strains (genotype G10) and the VP6 gene of a single strain, 6755/2002/ARN (DS-1 like, genotype 2). While classified as Wa-like, the NSP2 genes of four of the ARN strains occupied a distinct sub-lineage related to simian strain Tuch, while the NSP2 of strain 6755/2002/ARN and NSP5 genes of all strains were closely related to the cognate genes of both human and animal strains belonging to the Wa-like genogroup. Although these findings help to elucidate the evolution of ARN G10 strains, additional sequence studies of cognate animal rotavirus genes are needed to determine irrefutably the specific origin of those genes relative to both human and animal rotavirus strains. |
Trends in the epidemiology of human G1P[8] rotaviruses: a Hungarian study
Banyai K , Gentsch JR , Martella V , Bogdan A , Havasi V , Kisfali P , Szabo A , Mihaly I , Molnar P , Melegh B , Szucs G . J Infect Dis 2009 200 Suppl 1 S222-7 Epidemiological trends of the globally most common rotavirus genotype, G1P[8], were investigated in Hungary during a 16-year period by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the surface antigens. Antigen shift among epidemiologically major G1P[8] strains was observed in 6 seasons, as indicated by changes in the sublineages of the G1 VP7 and the P[8] VP4 genes. The temporal clustering of some rotavirus VP4 and VP7 gene sublineages and the periodic emergence and/or resurgence of previously unrecognized rotavirus sublineages in the study population suggest a dynamic nature for these common strains. Recently established international strain surveillance networks may help to identify and track the spread of epidemiologically important rotavirus strains across countries and continents. |
Molecular detection of novel adenoviruses in fecal specimens of captive monkeys with diarrhea in China
Banyai K , Esona MD , Liu A , Wang Y , Tu X , Jiang B . Vet Microbiol 2009 142 416-9 Adenovirus (AdV) has been recently detected among monkeys with diarrhea in a major research primate colony in China. To better assess disease burden and epidemiology of adenoviruses in the colony, we examined the prevalence of this virus in fecal specimens by PCR using broadly reactive hexon gene-specific primers. Of the 29 strains that were characterized by sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we identified a broad spectrum of simian AdV (SAdV) types, including species SAdV-A (n=14) and HAdV-G (n=9). Six additional strains represented two genetic clusters distantly related to other known SAdVs. A better understanding of the epidemiology of SAdVs and their potential role in gastroenteritis is critical to the implementation of advanced prevention strategies against AdV infection in captive primates. |
Zoonotic bovine rotavirus strain in a diarrheic child, Nicaragua
Banyai K , Esona MD , Mijatovic S , Kerin TK , Pedreira C , Mercado J , Balmaseda A , Perez MC , Patel MM , Gentsch JR . J Clin Virol 2009 46 (4) 391-3 The diversity of group A rotaviruses is generated by multiple mechanisms, mainly by accumulation of point mutations and genetic exchange of cognate genome segments (reassortment) between different strains.1 Reassortment may occur between rotaviruses of different host species, providing an opportunity for heterologous rotavirus strains to introduce and then stably sustain parts of their genome in populations of a particular host species. In contrast, the detection of a heterologous rotavirus strain without preceding reassortment with a homologous strain is a rare event. Rotaviruses of cattle have been shown to play a role in generation of human rotavirus strain diversity by reassortment, however, to the best of our knowledge no definitive evidence for direct interspecies transmission of a bovine strain can be found in the literature.[1], [2] In this report a zoonotic bovine rotavirus strain is described based on sequencing of fragments for each of its 11 genes (Fig. 1). |
G and P types of circulating rotavirus strains in the United States during 1996-2005: nine years of prevaccine data
Gentsch JR , Hull JJ , Teel EN , Kerin TK , Freeman MM , Esona MD , Griffin DD , Bielfelt-Krall BP , Banyai K , Jiang B , Cortese MM , Glass RI , Parashar UD , Collaborating laboratories of the National Rotavirus Strain Surveillance System . J Infect Dis 2009 200 S99-S105 BACKGROUND: Rotavirus vaccine was recommended for routine use among US infants in 2006. To provide prevaccine data, we conducted strain surveillance for 9 consecutive seasons during 1996-2005. METHODS: Using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction genotyping and nucleotide sequencing, we determined P/G genotypes of >3100 rotavirus strains collected in up to 12 cities each year from different US regions. RESULTS: The most prevalent strain globally, P[8] G1, was the most prevalent each year in the United States (overall, 78.5% of strains; range, 60.0%-93.9%), and 9.2% of the samples were P[4] G2, 3.6% were P[8] G9, 1.7% were P[8] G3, and 0.8% were P[8] G4. Genotype P[6] G9, which emerged in 1995, was detected continuously for several seasons (from 1996-1997 to 2000-2001, 0.2%-5.4%) but was not identified in the subsequent 4 seasons. Single or a few detections of rare genotypes (eg, P[6] G12, P[9] G6, and P[9] G3) were observed during several rotavirus seasons at frequencies of 0.5%-1.7% and, overall, comprised 0.6% of all the samples from the entire surveillance period. Several globally common strains in addition to G1, especially G2 and G9, circulated at high prevalence (33%-62%) in some cities during certain years. CONCLUSIONS: Almost 85% of strains during 1996-2005 had either a G or P antigen that is present in both RotaTeq (Merck) and Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline). Monitoring of strains after introduction of rotavirus vaccines is important. |
[Post vaccination rotavirus surveillance in Hungary, in 2007]
Laszlo B , Czellar E , Deak J , Juhasz A , Kovacs J , Konya J , Meszaros J , Meszner Z , Mihaly I , Molnar P , Nyul Z , Patri L , Puskas E , Schneider F , Siffel C , Toth A , Toth E , Szucs G , Banyai K . Orv Hetil 2009 150 (31) 1443-50 Vaccination is the main strategy to control severe dehydrating gastroenteritis caused by rotaviruses in early childhood. The availability of new generation rotavirus vaccines has led to an intensification of strain surveillance worldwide, in part, to gauge the impact of the possible vaccine-driven immune selection of wild-type rotavirus strains. In the present study, authors describe the strain prevalence data obtained in 2007, with the involvement of different regions of Hungary. Genomic RNA was extracted from rotavirus-positive stool samples collected mainly from children and then subjected to genotyping using multiplex RT-PCR assay. Type-specific primers targeted G1 to G4, G6, G8 to G10, and G12 VP7 specificities, and P[4], P[6], and P[8] to P[11] VP4 specificities were used. Out of 489 rotavirus-positive specimens, collected from 482 patients, 466 and 474 were successfully G and P typed, respectively, and both G and P type specificities could be assigned for 457 strains. Prevalence data showed the predominance of G4P[8] (31.5%) strains, followed by G1P[8] (28.3%), G2P[4] (19.3%), and G9P[8] (10.2%). Minority strains were G1P[4] (0.4%), G2P[8] (1.3%), G3P[9] (0.2%), G4P[6] (0.7%), G6P[9] (0.4%), G8P[8] (0.2%), G9P[4] (0.2%), G9P[6] (0.8%), and G12P[8] (0.4%). Mixed infections were found in 1.2% of the samples, while 4.9% remained partially or fully non-typified. Our data indicate that the antigen specificities of medically important rotavirus strains identified in this 1-year study are well represented in the vaccines available in the pharmaceutical private market in Hungary. Depending on the vaccination coverage achievable in the forthcoming years, the post-vaccination rotavirus strain surveillance may allow us to gain comprehensive information on the impact of rotavirus vaccines on the prevalence of circulating rotavirus strains. |
Adenovirus gastroenteritis in Hungary, 2003-2006
Banyai K , Kisfali P , Bogdan A , Martella V , Melegh B , Erdman D , Szucs G . Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 28 (8) 997-9 The incidence and type distribution of enteric human adenoviruses (HAds) among diarrheic children in south-western Hungary was investigated from 2003 through 2006. Laboratory studies were conducted using commercial antigen detection tests (latex agglutination or immunochromatography), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, single-strand conformation polymorphism, and sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a conservative region of the HAd hexon gene. The overall rate of HAd infection in childhood gastroenteritis cases during the 4-year study was 8.1%, with a gradual decrease in detection rates from 11.7% in 2003 to 5.7% in 2006. Molecular studies of a subset of HAd-positive samples found that enteric HAd type 40 strains were identified only in 2003 and 2004, while HAd type 41 strains were identified throughout the 4-year study. Higher detection rates of non-enteric HAds was documented during the first half of the study period when latex agglutination was used in our laboratory for detection. Our study suggests that the choice of diagnostic method may profoundly influence the epidemiologic picture and disease burden attributed to enteric HAd infections. |
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